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Textile Dictionary

Word	Short description
Earflap	A warm covering for the ears, especially an extension on the lower edge of a cap that may be folded up or down.
Earmuff	One of a pair of ear coverings connected by a flexible band and worn as protection against cold or noises.
Earth pigments	Pigments obtained from the earth such as barytes, ocher, chalk and graphite.
Earth tone	Any of various rich colours containing some brown.
Earth tones	Natural colours, such as burnt sienna or maize.
Earthy	Suggestive of the earth as in colour.
Easing-in	A term used to describe the process of manipulating of an additional amount of one of the fabrics into a seam in order to create fullness.
Easy-care Minimum-care, Smooth-drying	The term used to describe textile materials, which are reasonably resistant to disturbance of fabric structure and appearance during the course of wearing and laundering. They usually wrinkle only very slightly when laundered and can be restored to their original appearance with a minimum of touch-up ironing. Generally such fabrics can be machine-washed and tumble-dried. See also Drip-dry, Wash-and-wear
Easy care	Refers to fabrics, which are restored to their original appearance after laundering with little or no ironing. Generally such fabrics can be machine-washed and tumble dried. See Drip-dry.
Easy stretch	A term used to describe the percentage of elongation caused by a two-pound weight on a one-inch ravelled strip of 5” long.
Ebon	Ebony.
Ebony	Black, dark.
Eccentric yarn	A type of fancy yarn. An undulating gimp yarn, usually produced by binding an irregular yarn, such as a stripe or slub, in the direction opposite to the initial stage, to create graduated half-circular loops along the compound yarn.
Ecclesiastical embroidery Church embroidery	A type of bulky and intricate embroidery of religious subjects done in antique patterns on altar cloths, robes and hangings.
Ecosa	Acronym for ‘European Consumer Safety Organization’.
Eco spun	A fleece outerwear fabric made from at least 50% materials reclaimed from recycled plastic soda pop bottles.
Ecru	Cream or light yellow colour or a neutral tan from natural, unbleached cotton, wool, or silk.
Ecru (knitting)	Descriptive of fibres, yarns, or fabrics that have not been subjected to processes affecting their natural colour.
Écru cru	The term used to describe fibres, yarns, or fabrics that have not been subjected to processes affecting their natural colour.
Écru colour	The term used to describe the colour of textile materials that have not been subjected to processes affecting their natural colour.
Edge crimping	A continuous filament yarn made from or containing thermoplastic fibres is heated and is passed over a knife-edge. Edge crimping process produces a generally high-stretch character. This is frequently reduced by re-heating the yarn in a state where it is only partly relaxed from the fully extended condition, thus producing a stabilised yarn with the bulkiness little reduced but with a much reduced retractive power.
Edge following	The operation of automatic sewing along or near the edge of a garment part, the shape of the seam being determined by the edge of the fabric, which is detected automatically.
Edge roll	The usual curl or roll that develops at the edges of a single knit fabric making it somewhat arduous to handle since it does not lie completely flat on a cutting table.
Edge sealing	A heat treatment employed on the cut or raw edge of a fabric to prevent its ravelling.
Edge-stitched seam-finish	A finish given to the raw edges of a plain seam, in which machine stitching is placed close to the raw edge of each seam allowance. An edge-stitched seam-finish is made by straight stitching approximately 6 mm from each raw edge of the seam allowance. See also Zigzagged seam-finish
Edge wire; Looper wire	A length of wire, or monofilament yarn, drawn in through a heald and working as a warp thread at one or both edges of the warp in a weaving machine. It is held permanently so that it does not move forward with the woven fabric, which slides off it as weaving proceeds. Its forward end, which is often slightly tapered, is arranged to terminate a fixed distance beyond the fell. Edge wires are used (a) to provide soft, regular selvedges, (b) to form picot, scallop, or other loop-pattern selvedge effects on narrow fabrics, (c) to provide a resistance to weft tension, so as to maintain a fabric at full width during weaving, and (d) to avoid doglegged selvedges. Edge wires may be used for similar purposes in the production of certain flat braids.
Edging	1. A broad term used to describe, the materials used as decorative trim on the edge of garments. This includes narrow lace, braid, fringe, of various forms and kinds. 2.Overstitching done along the edge of a fabric to prevent fraying or for ornamentation.
Edging banded laces	See under Banded laces
Edging lace	Narrow bands of laces used for sewing onto edges of a garment are with one straight edge for sewing purposes and the other made ornate by scalloping and using pearls.
Effective collisons	Collision between molecules resulting in a reaction; one in which the molecules collide with proper relative orientations and sufficient energy to react.
Effective length	The term used to describe the measure of the characteristic length of a sample of cotton fibres. Statistically it is the inter quartile length of fibres longer than half the maximum length when determined using a comb sorter. See also Fibre length; Commercial fibre length
Effective number of turns	The nominal turns per metre (tpm), with variations, consistent with production processing.
Effect threads	In a fabric, the yarns that are sufficiently different in fibre, count, or construction, inserted to form a surface effect or enhance a pattern.
Effect threads	Yarns inserted in a fabric that are sufficiently different in fibre, count, or construction to form or enhance a pattern.
Egg albumin fibre	See under Regenerated protein fibres
Egghead	An abstract sculpture of a head, which resembles a smooth, oval egg with no defined features or anatomical details. It may be used as a millinery head form or a wig stand, or be the head of an abstract mannequin. The egghead is usually available in a variety of non-skin tones and metallics and in assorted neck lengths. Faces can be painted onto the featureless face.
Eggplant	A dark greyish or blackish purple.
Eggshell	Yellowish white.
Eggshell finishing	A dappled or mottled finish imparted to the fabric by running it through rollers engraved with minute depressions and elevations, which break up the reflection of light.
E-glass	A boro-silicate glass fibre of low alkali content, having very high resistance to attack by moisture, superior electrical characteristics and high heat resistance. See also Glass fibre
Egyptian cotton	Cotton from Egypt characterised by its strong, fine, long and lustrous fibres.
Egyptian cotton	Long staple variety from Egypt with fibre length averaging 1 3/8".
Egyptian cottons	A species of fine and top quality of cotton fibres, characterised by their extra length, strength and lustre. Originally from the Nile region of Egypt, the average fibre length is 38 to 44 mm. Fabrics made from this type cottons are soft, strong and very hardwearing. They dye and print well and are used for expensive baby clothes, blouses, summer dresses, nightwear, etc.
Egyptian lace	An expensive ornamental lace; hand-knotted and often elaborated with beads.
Egyptian tape	A tape made exclusively with Egyptian-type cotton.
Eiderdown	A soft lightweight clothing fabric knitted or woven and napped on one or both sides.
Eight-harness satin	A warp-faced or weft-faced weave illustrating that the entire face of the fabric surface is covered with the warp or weft yarn, respectively.
Eight-lock fabric	A weft-knitted, interlock-based fabric, which is reversible, has a uniform surface, and is well balanced with respect to its limited stretch in either vertical or horizontal direction. It usually repeats over four wales. Usually single colour, but when knitted in colour the fabric exhibits vertical stripe or simple box and check patterns.
Eight-strand rope	A rope formation, normally composed of 4 pairs of strands plaited in a double four strand round sennit rope.
Elance suede	The term used to describe a lightweight suede fabric usually used for manufacturing of shirts, dresses, etc.
Elastane	The generic name of a group of man-made fibres, which stretches easily and has a high rate of recovery. It is composed of synthetic linear macromolecules having in the chain at least 85% (by mass) of segmented polyurethane groups, and that rapidly reverts substantially to its un-stretched length after extension to three times that length
Elastane (fibre) (generic name)	A term used to describe fibres that are composed of synthetic linear macromolecules having in the chain at least 85% (by mass) of segmented polyurethane groups and which rapidly revert substantially to their original length after extension to three times that length.
Elastic	The term used to describe, a fibre, yarn, thread, fabric, or cord, which has springiness, flexibility, resiliency, and recovery. Elastic goods are used mainly in belts, garters, panties and girdles, gloves, shoes, active sportswear, suspenders, and even dress fabrics for drapability, fit, and comfort.
Elastic	An elastic fabric usually made of yarns containing rubber.
Elasticate, Elasticise	The term used to describe the incorporation of an elastomeric yarn, to the surface or part of a fabric under tension. See also Elastic fabric
Elastic binding	A lightweight, elastic narrow fabric often with a scallop or picot edge.
Elastic fabric	A textile fabric made from elastomer fibres either alone or in combination with other textile materials. At room temperature an elastic fabric will stretch under tension and will return quickly and forcibly to substantially its original dimensions and shape when tension is removed. Elastic fabrics may be manufactured by weaving, braiding, knitting, or other processes.
Elastic fabric	A fabric containing rubber or other elastomeric fibres or threads, having recoverable extensibility in a direction parallel to the elastomeric threads, and characterized by a high resistance to deformation and a high capacity to recover its normal size and shape.
Elastic fibre	A fibre characterised by a high breaking elongation (in excess of 100%, and usually 450 to 700%), a low modulus of elasticity (about 1/1,000 that of a conventional ‘hard’ fibre such as nylon or cotton), and both a high degree and a high rate of recovery from stretching.
Elasticise	See Elasticate
Elasticity	The property of fibre or fabric to deform (usually to elongate) in proportion to the load applied and to recover its original shape when the load is released, i.e. the property of a material by virtue of which it tends to recover its original size and shape immediately after removal of the force causing deformation.
Elasticity	1. A physical property of thread. That property of a thread by which it recovers (or tends to recover) its original length immediately after removal of any load causing extension. 2. The ability of a seam to stretch without thread breakage. Threads with higher elongation produce greater seam elasticity.
Elasticity	A material's ability to stretch or expand and resume former shape; flexibility. Fabric mixes that contain Lycra (r) are very elastic.
Elastic narrow fabric	The term used to describe, a narrow fabric containing rubber or other elastomers, which permits the rubber-like stretch in at least one direction; e.g. elastic tape, elastic webbing, etc.
Elastique	A dense, high warp-sett, worsted fabric with a distinct steep double twill line; the double line creates a series of narrow and wide wales on the diagonal. Used for trousers, jackets and coats. This fabric is also referred to under a series of names, e.g. Cavalry twill, Whipcord, etc.
Elastic recovery	The property found in a knitted fabric, which causes it to regain its initial dimensions after being stretched out of shape. The immediate change in elongation experienced by a textile during a loading cycle when, after being held at a defined elongation for a defined time, the applied tension is removed.
Elastodiene fibre	A manufactured fibre, which when stretched to three times its original length and released, recovers rapidly and substantially to its initial length.
Elastodiene (fibre) (generic name)	A term used to describe fibres composed of natural or synthetic polyisoprene, or composed of one or more dienes polymerised with or without one or more vinyl monomers, which rapidly revert substantially to their original length after extension to three times that length.
Elastomer	A generic description of a group of synthetic polymers, which display to a greater or lesser degree the unusual ‘rubber-like’ characteristic of elastic recovery as in natural rubber; the description can also include natural rubber. Most fibres formed from elastomers have breaking elongations in excess of one hundred percent. See also Elastane; Elastomeric yarn
Elastomer	Any polymer having high extensibility together with rapid and substantially complete elastic recovery. Note: most fibres formed from elastomers have breaking elongations in excess of one hundred percent.
Elastomer	Fibre: - Weave: - Characteristics: It is a synthetic rubber that can be stretched to at least three times it’s original length. Once the exerted pull force is released, this fibre returns to it’s original length. Uses: -
Elastomeric yarn	A yarn produced from elastomeric fibres. It may be incorporated into a fabric either in the bare state or wrapped with relatively inextensible fibres; the wrapping is done by covering, core-spinning or up-twisting.
Elastomeric yarn	A yarn formed from an elastomer. Note 1: Elastomeric yarn may either be incorporated into fabric in the bare state or wrapped with relatively inextensible fibres. Wrapping is done by covering (See covered yarn), core spinning or uptwisting. Note 2: examples are elastane and elastodiene yarns.
Elbow	A term related to garment sizing. In anatomy, the joint, which articulates between the upper arm and the lower arm.
Elbow girth	A term related to garment sizing. The body measurement, with the arm straight, the circumference of the elbow.
Electret	A non-conductive polymeric material, which can maintain a long-life electrostatic charge.
Electrical conductivity	Ability to conduct electricity.
Electric blanket	A bedcovering of wool or mixtures of wool, cotton, and rayon or the newer synthetic fibres, which provides the shell for the inner wiring system. Thermostatic control provides constant warmth and safeguards against over-heating.
Electric steamer	If you're doing one of two scarves, you can get by with a homemade steamer - see "Homemade steamer". But if you do larger quantities, long yardage or large numbers of scarves, then a steamer can quickly pay for itself in efficiency and time saved.
Electrochemistry	Study of chemical changes produced by electrical current and the production of electricity by chemical reactions.
Electrocoating	An electrical process, by which flock (cut fibre, which simulate pile) is applied to a fabric, either in designs or all over. The fibres, electrically charged, are shot on to the adhesive-treated fabric. Used for dress goods, curtains, and upholstery.
Electrodes	Surfaces upon which oxidation and reduction half-reactions occur in electrochemical cells.
Electrolysis	Process that occurs in electrolytic cells.
Electrolyte	A substance whose aqueous solutions conduct electricity.
Electronic mall/ Storefront	A virtual shopping mall where you can browse and buy products and services online.
Electroplating	Plating a metal onto a (cathodic) surface by electrolysis.
Electrostatic decay Half-line	In textiles, the time in minutes for the maximum voltage induced on the textile to be reduced to one-half of the maximum voltage by the various decay mechanisms, conduction and ionization of the air.
Electrostatic flocking	The process of applying flock to an adhesive-coated substrate in a high-voltage electrostatic field.
Electrostatic printing	An experimental textile printing technique, in which a plate with an electrostatic charge is positioned behind the fabric and a stencil to attract powdered inks into the fabric. Suitable dyes must be in powdered form.
Electrostatic propensity	The capacity of a non-conducting material to acquire and hold an electrical charge by induction (via corona discharge) or by triboelectric means (rubbing with another material).
Element	In zippers, a device designed for interlocking, which is capable of being affixed along the edge of a tape.
Element	A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means.
Elephant cord	See Jumbo cord
Elmendorf tear tester	A testing machine used to determine the tearing strength of fabrics.
Elongated twill	The term used to describe, steep twills which run at an angle greater than 45º. These are ordinary twills, which are changed either by the weave or structure to produce the more vertical or horizontal twill. Term is sometimes used also for twills with an angle less than 45º.
Elongation	The increase in length or deformation of a fibre, as a result of stretching. The increase may be expressed as a percentage of the initial length. See also Non-elastic elongation, Recoverable elongation, and Residual elongation, Total elongation, Working elongation Compare Extension
Elongation	See extension. Note: the increase may be expressed in three ways, namely, (i) as a length, (ii) as a percentage of the initial length, and, (iii) as a fraction of the initial length.
Elongation	A measure of thread stretch, usually recorded at the breaking point.
Elongation/ Extensibility	A physical property of thread. A physical property of thread. The amount by which a thread is extended at breaking point, expressed as a percentage of its original length.
Elongation at break	The elongation corresponding to the force-at-rupture.
Elongation at breaking load	Deprecated term. See preferred term Elongation at break
Elysian	A thick, heavy, usually woollen fabric with a deep nap that forms a diagonal or ripple pattern on the surface. Used for coatings.
Elysian fabric	A thick and soft woollen fabric, on which extra wefts are made to float on the surface and subsequently, burst in the finishing treatment. The floats may be planned for various patterns, such as twills and waved effects. The ground structure may be a single or double weave fabric. A thick, heavy, usually woollen fabric with a deep nap that forms a diagonal or ripple pattern on the surface. Used for coatings.
Embo printing	The process of simultaneous embossing and printing of an already resin treated fabric. The high points of the embossing roller are touched with colour, and thereby deposited in the valleys of the embossed fabric. Subsequent curing with heat sets both the embossing and the colour.
Emboss	To produce a pattern in relief by passing fabric through a calendar in which a heated metal bowl engraved with the pattern works against a relatively soft bowl, built up of compressed paper or cotton on a metal centre.
Embossed	Fabric with a raised design that has been engraved on a metal cylinder then impressed on the fabric with heat and pressure.
Embossed	A fabric that has been embossed with designs. See Embossing
Embossed crêpe	A fabric that has been embossed with designs resembling a crêpe structure. The durability of the crêpe effect thus achieved is very much dependent on the type of fibre, process conditions of embossing, and subsequent finishing of the fabric. See also Pre-crêping
Embossed fabric	The term used to a group of fabrics that have figures or designs in relief produced by processing of flat-surfaced fabrics through hot engraved rollers of an embossing calender. In some fabrics, resin finishes are used to create a durable effect.
Embossed satin	A satin-weave fabric that has a pattern impressed upon it. Usually only heavier satins are treated this way, and the embossing is now invariably permanent. Used mainly as a popular wedding-gown fabric.
Embossed velvet	A velvet pile fabric, on which a pattern is introduced by pressing down the pile flat in select places.
Embossing	A finishing process employed to produce a raised or depressed pattern on a fabric surface - by passing it through a calender, in which a heated metal bowl engraved with the pattern, works against a relatively soft bowl built up of compressed paper or cotton on a metal centre. The finish is generally used on thermo plastic fabrics.
Embossing	The process of producing raised designs in relief on a fabric. A "puff medium" such as Setacolour's can be added to fabric paints so they will become raised when heated with an iron.
Emboss mark Impression mark	A fabric defect, which manifests as a small area of the fabric standing out in relief. It is often caused by the relief print-off of defects, such as slubs under excessive rolling tension.
Embroidered	A fabric or garment decorated with needlework stitching of coloured threads.
Embroidered	A fabric decorated with needlework stitching of yarn or thread. May be done by hand or machine.
Embroidered chiffon	Open lace-effect chiffon fabric, often containing viscose with nylon or polyester. The added embroidery may be worked in cotton, viscose or sometimes, metal threads.
Embroidered flouncing	The term used to describe, any plain fabric with an embroidered scalloped edge.
Embroidered knit	A lightweight synthetic, usually polyester, knit fabric, in plain colours, with gold or silver metal embroidery, often in border designs. Invariably the fabric is crease-resistant.
Embroidery	The term used to describe a needlework embellishment done by hand or machine on a fabric or garment. Coloured threads of silk, viscose, mercerised cotton or metallized yarn are sewn on to the fabric to create decorative patterns. The term has its origin from an old English word meaning ‘border’. In earlier days embroidery was used for ornamentation on ecclesiastical robes, which were, presumably, worked in border designs.
Embroidery	Ornamental needlework on fabric either by hand or by machine.
Embroidery	Machine or hand-done fancy needlework using coloured yarn, embroidery floss, metallic thread, cotton, and/or silk.
Embroidery crash	See Art linen.
Embroidery hoops	Wooden embroidery hoops are a cheap and fast way to mount your silk in a stretcher system. Great for classes. They are often used in batik, Serti Silk Technique and silk painting. Great for holding your fabric for embroidery too of course!
Embroidery lace	A lace construction obtained by working with any suitable stitching thread on a pre-existing ground of bobbinet, tulle, net, or lace, in order to produce an ornamental effect on the ground.
Embroidery linen	See Art linen.
Embroidery linen	See Art/ embroidery linen.
Embroidery plated fabric	The superimposing of one or more additional strands of yarn over a restricted but variable width of weft-knitted fabric, so that the loops formed by the additional yarns appear on the face of the fabric. Examples of embroidery plating produced in this way are ‘panel wrap’ and ‘wrap stripe’. See also Plaited fabric.
Embitterment	The formation of a brittle residue as the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
Emerald	Various bright, rich greens.
Emerized	See Sueded.
Emerizng	See Sanding.
Emerizing	A process in which fabric is passed over a series of emery-covered rollers to produce a suede-like finish. Note: a similar process is known as sueding.
Emery cloth	A strong cotton or linen fabric coated with fine, powdered emery. Used for abrasive purposes and polishing.
Emission	The release of air contaminants into the outdoor atmosphere. See Air contaminant.
Empire bodice	A bodice that ends just below the bust, sometimes low-cut and gathered.
Empire seams	A seam that is sewn directly below the bust line.
Empire waist	This waistline begins just below the bust.
Empire waist	Waist, which begins immediately below the bust.
Empress fabric	The term used to describe a 1/2 twill-faced, finely ribbed, backed and double-faced woollen fabric.
Emulsifying agent	A sustance that coats the particles of the dispersed phase and prevents coagulation of colloidal particles; an emulsifier.
Emulsion	Colloidal suspension of a liquid in a liquid.
Emulsion spinning	The spinning of synthetic polymers in dispersed form, and then heating to bring together the dispersed particles. Generally a matrix polymer provides support until the process is complete.
Emulsion thickening	The term usually used to describe a thickening made from a suspension of white spirit in water.
Enamelled cloth	The term used to describe a heavy cotton fabric, which has been given a glazed finish, by subjecting to treatment with oil, pyroxylin or other materials. Usually drills, warp-sateens and similar fabrics are employed.
Encapsulation finish	A fabric finish, in which the performance is incorporated inside the fabric, not just only on the outside. The process includes the encapsulation of fibres of the fabric with an ultra thin polymer film, which precisely places a durable, breathable barrier within the fabric, between the fibre bundles.
End	1. In weaving, the term used to describe an individual warp yarn. 2. In spinning and braiding, the term used to describe an individual strand. 3. In a fabric, the term used to describe a length of finished fabric less than a customary unit (piece) in length, or sometimes a very short length remnant of fabric. 4. In finishing, the term used to describe (a) each passage of a length of fabric through a machine, e.g. in jig dyeing and (b) a joint between pieces of fabric due, e.g. to damage or short lengths in weaving or damage in bleaching, dyeing, or finishing. 5. In finishing, the term is also used to describe a joint made between pieces of fabric due to damage or short lengths in weaving or damage in bleaching, dyeing, or finishing, etc.
End	1) (Spinning) an individual strand, (2) (Weaving) an individual warp thread, (3) (Fabric) a length of finished fabric less than a customary unit (piece) in length, (4) (Finishing), (a) each passage of a length of fabric through a machine, for example, in jig-dyeing, (b) a joint between pieces of fabric due, for example, to damage or short lengths in weaving or damage in bleaching, dyeing or finishing.
End and End	A plain weave fabric with a warp yarn of one colour alternating with a warp yarn of white or a second colour. Often the weft yarns alternate with the same two colours forming a mini check design. Used most commonly in shirtings.
End-and-End effect	An assembly of warp yarns in which one colour warp end and one white warp end are used alternately; two different colours also may be used. Another effect can be achieved by employing two types of yarn, combining one warp end of fine cotton and one warp end of coarse cotton, or one warp end of cotton alternating with one warp end of viscose, etc. Generally the weft pick is white or a solid colour. Used most commonly in shirting fabrics.
End breaks	The term used to describe the breakages of yarn during a manufacturing operation.
End density	The term used to describe the number of ends per unit loom width. Usually measured in ends/cm or end/inch. The number of warp yarn (ends) per unit distance as counted while the fabric is held under zero tension, and is free of folds and wrinkles.
End down	The term used in weaving parlance, to describe a situation that develops when a warp thread is broken in a loom. Failure to correct leads to a defect. See End-out
End fent	A short length of finished fabric from the end of a piece that is not usable for the same purpose as the rest. All end-fents are not necessarily imperfect. End-fents can be of different classes. Usually they are: (a) those formed while dressing pieces of fabric in the final stages of manufacture; such end-fents usually consist of ragged imperfect pieces of fabric, (b) those formed, in garment manufacture, while preparing pieces for cutting out; such end-fents usually contain length markings and ‘truth’ marks, and (c) those formed, in garment manufacture, as end residues; such end-fents are of good material but may exhibit the ‘cutting-out’ contour. See also Leader fabric
End fold	(Label) finishing is ideal for labels, which will be sewn on two sides or four sides. This label type secures the cut ends of the label to prevent fray and is highly recommended for exterior applications or uses where the label will be subjected to harsh treatment. Endfold finishing has the added characteristic of adding body to a label and in so doing enhances its general appearance at a nominal extra charge.
End group	The term used to describe a chemical group that forms the end of a polymer chain. Linear polymers possess two end-groups per molecule and branched polymers with n branch points possess n + 2 end-groups per molecule.
End group	A chemical group that forms the end of a polymer chain. Linear polymers possess two end-groups per molecule and branched polymers with n branch points possess n + 2 end-groups per molecule.
Ending	A dyeing defect, which manifests as a change in colour from one end of a length of fabric to the other, or as a difference in colour between the bulk and the end of a length of a fabric. Usually found in batch-dyed material.
Endless woven belting	A woven narrow fabric, usually in plain or twill weave. The warp is a continuous thread wound in a helix to the required length and woven without any joints or splicing. See also Belting.
End-on-End	A 2-ply weave of different colour yarns that runs parallel against each other so that both colours are visible.
Endothermic	Describes processes that absorb heat energy.
Endothermicity	The absorption of heat by a system as the process occurs.
End-out	1. Fabric defect in a woven fabric, which manifests as a void caused by a missing warp yarn, usually caused by the loom continuing to run even after a yarn break. Defect will appear as a thin line and usually considered as a major defect. 2. Fabric defect in a warp knit fabric, which manifests as a void, usually caused by the knitting machine continuing to run with a missing end.
End point	The point at which an indicator changes colour and a titration is stopped.
End-use	The final use for which a fibre, fabric, or finish is intended.
Energy	The capacity to do work or transfer heat.
Engagéantes	Traditional lace cuffs with two or three rows of ruffles, used in finishing women’s gown sleeves.
Engagéantes	Lace cuffs with two or three rows of ruffles, finishing women's gown sleeves in Louis XIV's time. They were still worn in the 18th century with gowns a la Francaise.
Engineered print	A design specifically integrated onto the fabric. Also known as placed print or border print because it is often engineered into place.
Engineer’s cloth	The term used to describe a group of fabrics used for work wear and protective clothing, including dungaree, denim, drill and moleskin.
English gum twill	A silk fabric made from low twist yarns in a diagonal rib weave, made in various weights.
English rib	A 1x1 rib fabric, in which single wales of face loops alternate with single wales of back loops. See also Weft-knit rib fabrics.
English welt	See Roll welt.
Engraving	1. In printing, the incising of lines in a metal or other surface by means of a graver or burin. 2. In textile parlance the term is sometimes used, even when the pattern rollers are produced by etching or by other means like pressure from the raised surface of a mill in machine engraving.
Engraving	A form of printing whereby an image is created by scoring a stamping plate with a carving tool. The inked plate transfers the image in reverse onto the paper or fabric.
Ensign cloth	A plain weave cotton fabric used for flags.
Entanglement	A term used to describe, the extent or degree to which the filaments in a yarn are interlocked and cannot be readily separated.
Enthalpy	The amount of energy in joules required to heating 1 gram of fabric from a temperature of 20°C to its melting point.
Entrepôt	A trading centre or port at a geographically convenient location where goods are imported and re-exported without directly entering the local economy. According to the strict definition, goods are imported into and re-exported from an entrepôt without incurring liability for duties.
Entwining twill weaves	A group of weaves composed of right-and-left hand twills, which seem to interlace to form diamond-shaped patterns. Based on the ordinary twill, they are described with reference to the foundation twill and the number of twill lines which run in each direction.
Enzyme	The generic name for a group of complex nitrogenous substances of proteinaceous type, which catalyse various reactions of a biochemical nature. Enzymes, despite their derivation from living materials, are not living organisms themselves. Some of these reactions take place in living organisms, but others occur in non-living organisms. Enzymes are used in textile processing, mainly in the finishing of fabrics and garments. Enzymes are relatively cost-effective, pollution-free means of treating cellulosic fabrics for de-hairing, pill-preventing and handle modification. Many enzyme preparations have been developed for various textile processes, e.g. those used in the desizing process, those used in denim ‘stone wash’ (bio-stoning) and acid patching process to cut partially and/or completely the use of pumice stones or ceramic pebbles, or those used in enzymatic finishing process (bio-finishing), and in surface modification (bio-polishing) of smoothening fabric surface for extra soft handle or develop faded looks.
Enzyme	A protein that acts as a catalyst in biological systems.
Enzyme washed	Refers to the process of washing with a cellulase enzyme - one, which attacks the cellulose in the fabric- giving it a used, worn appearance and a desirable soft hand. The effect is similar to stone washing but is less damaging to the fabric. It is sometimes called bio-washing. Done commonly with denim or other cottons and fabrics of Lyocell.
Enzyme washed	A laundering process in which a catalytic substance is added to create a chemical change in the fabric resulting in a very soft finish, smoother appearing surface, and reduced shrinkage.
Enzyme-washing Bio-washing	A term used to describe, the process of washing of garments made of cotton and other natural and man-made cellulosic fibres, with a cellulase enzyme, to impart the garments, a used and worn out appearance and a pleasing soft hand. The effect is similar to ‘stone washing’, but is less damaging to the fabric.
Enzyming	A term used to describe, the treatment with any one of a series of complex organic substances that cause chemical breakdown of the impurities in cotton fabric.
Enzymes	Chemistry meets fashion as cellulose enzymes (a protein-like substance) are used to actually eat away at the cotton fibres and create a stonewashed look.
Eolienne	Fibre: - Weave: - Characteristics: It's name comes from the term ‘eolus’, which is Greek for God of Winds. This airy fibre has a low thread count and is very delicate. It is lightweight and is very lustrous. Uses: -
EOTC	Acronym for ‘European Organization for Testing and Certification’.
Epaulet	An ornamental fringed shoulder pad formerly worn as part of a military uniform
Ephod	A linen apron worn in ancient Hebrew rites, especially a vestment for the high priest.
Epidermal barrier	The barrier of the outer layer of skin.
Epidermis	In mammalian hair fibres, the outside or surface layer of the fibre consisting of flat, irregular, horny cells or scales.
Épinge	A lightweight fabric in plain close weave, traditionally made from worsteds, but now may contain other fibres. Used mainly for women’s tailored dresses and suits.
Epithelial tissue	A newly formed tissue.
Epitropic fibres	A group of new synthetic fibres, capable of conducting electricity and can thus be used to produce fabrics, which never develop a high static charge. In an epitropic fibre very fine particles of carbon, a good electrical conductor, are embedded in the surface of synthetic fibres. Epitropic fibres are thus black due to the carbon, but only very small quantities (sometimes as little as one part in 500) of epitropic fibre are required to conduct away static, they are not easily seen. Nylon and polyester are available in epitropic form. The epitropic nylon can be used in carpets to prevent static build-up and the modified polyester is suitable for industrial clothing where there is a danger of explosion.
Epitropic fibre	A fibre whose surface contains partially or wholly embedded particles that modify one or more of its properties, e.g. its electrical conductivity.
Éponge	An open-textured, woollen or cotton fabric made with a soft and spongy weave from uneven, nubby, twisted yarns. Name derived from the French word for ‘sponge’. It is light in weight in comparison with its thickness. Used for dresses, children’s dresses, robes, and sports shirts.
Eponge (SOUFFLE)	Wool, also rayon and silk. Derived from the French term eponge for "spongy". Very soft and sponge-like in a variety of novelty effects with loose weave of about 20 x 20. Also known as ratine in cotton. Rayon and silk is soft, loose, and spongy, something like terry cloth. Does not have surface loops. Many stores now call eponge "boucle".
Eponge (SOUFFLE)	Fibre: Wool, also rayon and silk. Weave: any weave - usually a novelty - plain warp, novelty filling or reverse. Characteristics: Derived from the French term eponge for ‘spongy’. Very soft and sponge-like in a variety of novelty effects with loose weave of about 20 x 20. Also known as ratine in cotton. Rayon and silk is soft, loose, and spongy, something like terry cloth. Does not have surface loops. Many stores now call eponge ‘boucle’. Uses: Suits, dresses, coats, sportswear, and summer suits.
Epoxy resin	A compound employed in some wash-and-wear and crease-resistant finishes for white fabrics, because of chlorine resistance provided. It gives a high degree of crease resistance, but with serious loss of tensile strength. Most used in combination with dimethylol ethylene urea (dmeu) resin to which it also gives chlorine resistance.
Equally flush twill	See Balanced twill.
Erect pile	Cut or uncut loops yarn that stand upright on the fabric surface.

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